PROBLEMS OF USING PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES OF CIVIL DEFENSE IN MODERN CONDITIONS

Abstract

Among the existing ways and means of protecting the population, the most effective is the use of protective structures of civil defense. After the war, construction of defensive structures was a massive practice and was regulated by building codes at the time as a mandatory element of potentially hazardous industrial facilities and public buildings, hospitals, schools etc. However, with the acquisition of Ukraine's independence, deregulation and privatization of enterprises of real estate, general economic depression and lack of funds for maintenance of the protective structures, their condition significantly deteriorated. Most shelters and radiation-proof shelters are robbed or flooded have no proper support system, they have no sealing, headroom; emergency exits are completely or partially destroyed. About 16% of defense structures are privatized, which casts doubt on the possibility of their use for the primary purpose, the rest belong to state and communal property. Purpose of the study. The purpose of the article is to consider the problems of the existing protective structures of civil protection and use for the primary purpose in accordance with the requirements of modern Ukrainian legislation. The current legislation defines sealed shelter as a protective structure in which over time an appropriate condition that exclude the impact of hazards arising from the emergency, military (combat) operations and terrorist acts can be maintained. Instead, radiation-proof shelter is an unsealed compartment which creates conditions that exclude the impact of ionizing radiation in case of radioactive contamination areas. Pre-fabricated shelter is a protective structure that can be built from certain constructions in a short time to protect people from the effects of means of destruction during the special period. It is clear that to ensure normal life of people in shelters, the latter can take only a limited number of people. Therefore, the main characteristic of such constructions is their capacity, which depends on the amount and area of the main premises. So the law clearly regulates exactly what categories of people can use different defense structures. The refore only the personnel of the economic entity (the most numerous shift). Shelter is not expected to shelter the general civil population. The exception comprises only the patients of health care institutions that cannot be evacuated to safety. As for the pre-fabricated shelters, in Ukraine they practically do not exist, because according to the legislation, they should be constructed only in times of national emergency, which had not been declared since a long time. Since shelters for population are not provided, and the use of radiation-proof shelters is limited, the priority in research should be given to design and manufacturing of resource-efficient prefabricated shelters as objects designed to protect the general civil population in case of emergencies.